Notes and essays.

The project begins with a simple question: how can Singapore maintain extensive public infrastructure while keeping personal income-tax rates relatively low?

It looks beyond headline tax rates to Singapore's broader public-finance model, including tax revenue, public assets, investment returns and compulsory saving, before comparing those mechanisms with the UK's revenue base, spending commitments and approach to public investment.

The Extended Essay combines mathematics and economics to examine UEFA Financial Fair Play and the Premier League's Profit and Sustainability Rules through the lens of competition and financial sustainability.

It uses economic theory alongside quantitative concentration and competitive-balance measures, ultimately finding no clear sustained improvement in competitive balance after regulation and considering whether the rules may also reinforce established clubs' advantages.

The paper connects financial-intermediation theory with academic research and policy proposals to assess how fintech lenders, digital payment platforms and central bank digital currencies could alter the role of traditional deposit-taking institutions.

Using UK payment-system statistics and World Bank financial-inclusion data, it weighs faster services and wider access against regulatory arbitrage, risks to bank deposit funding and persistent barriers to financial inclusion.